The Use of iPads® to Promote Leisure Activities for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Intellectual Disability (ID)

Abstract

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by difficulties in social interactions and functional communication skills, and the presence of repetitive behaviors and restrictive interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These characteristics can adversely affect the daily functioning of individuals with ASD and pose problems for them in obtaining and maintaining stable employment. In addition, their limited ability to engage in leisure activities can also diminish their quality of life (Garcia-Villamisar, & Dattilo, 2010; Patterson, & Pegg, 2009). Employing an iPad2®, the present study used a multiple-probe design across six participants to investigate the effects of a most-to-least prompting procedure on independent leisure engagement with iPad2® apps. Data on the duration of leisure engagement was also addressed. In addition, this study examined the impact of a visual schedule on the participants’ independent transitioning between leisure activities on the iPad2® as a part of daily routines. The results suggest the intervention was effective in increasing the level of independence and leisure engagement of the participants. However, differences in screen touch-sensitivity and limited compatibility between apps caused difficulties for some of the participants at times. In addition, the caregivers of the participants responded to a survey regarding the social validity of the interventions, including their social perceptions of the use of these commonly available devices, and the stigma associated with these devices. The results indicated the caregivers felt the interventions with the iPad2® were effective improving participants’ independence and leisure engagement. They also thought the individuals would stand out less in the community with the use of the iPad2®.