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ANGULAR CEPHALOMETRIC MEANS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
Markel, Daniel Gabriel
Markel, Daniel Gabriel
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2025-08
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Oral Biology
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https://doi.org/10.34944/70p9-7d32
Abstract
Cephalometric analysis is routinely used in orthodontics for diagnosing and treating patients. Angular cephalometric measurements are particularly important in determining the relationship between anatomical landmarks. Norms for these measurements are important adjuncts that help clinicians determine if a patient’s morphology is normal. Previous studies, like the Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth Study, established cephalometric norms predominantly focused on the Caucasian population. While there have only been a few studies conducted on the African American population, these studies have omitted important angular measurements. This study aims to establish comprehensive norms for the African American population of North Philadelphia and to compare these norms to previously determined norms in other populations.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-six angular cephalometric measurements were determined on 600 African American subjects at Temple University's Orthodontic Screening Clinic. Subjects ranged from seven--eighteen years of age and were further divided based on sex. Statistical analyses were used to determine significance between previously documented studies, gender, and age.
Results: Of the 600 subjects (333 female, 267 male) the mean age was 13.50. Intrarclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was excellent for 23 measurements, good for 2, and moderate for 1. Compared to the Bolton Standards, the sample showed significant differences for 24 measurements: increased mandibular-protrusion (FH-Na-Pog, SN-Pog, Bo-Na-Pogo, SNB), maxillary-protrusion (SNA), Class II (ANB), hyperdivergence (FH-Go-Gn, SN-Go-Gn, ANS-PNS-Go-Gn, Y-axis), incisor-proclination (PNS-ANS-U1, SN-U1, Go-Gn-L1, Na-U1, U1-L1, SN-L1). Compared to previous African American means, the sample showed increased mandibular-protrusion (FH-Na-Pog, SNB), Class II (ANB), hyperdivergence (SN-Go-Gn, Y-axis), incisor-proclination (U1-NA, U1-L1). 6 measurements showed no significant differences.
Conclusion: The study population of 600 African American subjects, showed significant differences in angular cephalometric measurements when compared to the Bolton Standards, which was conducted on a sample of Caucasian subjects. The study population displayed increased hyperdivergence, incisor-proclination, bimaxillary protrusion, and Class II compared to the Bolton Standards. Differences with previous African American studies were sporadic but aligned in the same direction relative to Bolton Standards suggesting secular trends, a difference in study design, or other factors. These results highlight the need for population-specific norms in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
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