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COMPARISON OF LINEAR CEPHALOMETRIC MEANS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN PHILADELPHIA
Jo, Hyangseong
Jo, Hyangseong
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2025-08
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Oral Biology
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Jo_temple_0225M_16184.pdf
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https://doi.org/10.34944/81nf-dr34
Abstract
Craniofacial morphology varies amongst various human groups, which may require different cephalometric normative standards for orthodontic diagnosis. Historically, most American craniofacial growth studies, which produced cephalometric normative standards, have been conducted on Caucasian populations. This study aims to investigate if the Bolton Standards of Dentofacial and Developmental Growth are applicable as normative data for African Americans undergoing orthodontic treatment. We will establish the linear cephalometric means for African Americans in Philadelphia and compare them to the Caucasian Bolton Standards and previously published data specific to populations of African descent in the United States.
Methods: 600 lateral cephalometric radiographs, taken in natural head positions, of African Americans aged 7 to 18 were analyzed. Two evaluators identified 15 anatomic landmarks and 17 linear measurements, corrected for magnification, and tested using intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater reliability. Mean and normative data were then compared to the Bolton Standards and 4 Bolton Brush linear measurements from African-American populations, which were selected for comparison based on a systematic review.
Results: 16 of 17 linear cephalometric measurements showed significant differences between African Americans in Philadelphia and Bolton Study subjects (p < 0.05). African Americans showed greater dental protrusion measurements ((A-Pogo)-U1, (Na-A)-U1, (Na-B)-L1, and (Na-Pogo)-U1), shorter upper anterior facial height (Na-ANS), and longer lower and total anterior facial heights (ANS-Me and Na-Me, respectively) than Caucasians. For African-American comparisons, two linear measurements—specifically the upper and lower incisor positions ((Na-A)-U1 and (Na-B)-L1)—showed statistically significant differences compared to existing studies, with (Na-B)-L1 consistently differing from values reported in all comparative literature (p ≤ 0.01).
Conclusion: This study establishes linear cephalometric means for African Americans in Philadelphia. The results show significant differences from Caucasian norms in the Bolton Study and some variations from previous studies of African-American populations. These results emphasize the need for African-American-specific norms in orthodontics and offer a reference for improved diagnosis and treatment planning for patients who identify as African Americans.
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