AUGMENTED REALITY AND PRESENCE IN HEALTH COMMUNICATION AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE EMPATHY OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

Abstract

When healthcare professionals perceive patients’ symptoms through media or media technologies, how do they respond to them? Many studies have explored the effects of the film, novels, music on empathy and recently a few studies started focusing on the virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) that visualize patients’ invisible symptoms and their effects on the empathy of medical students as future healthcare professionals; however, their psychological processes are not fully elaborated yet. This dissertation was designed to detail the psychological processes evoked by AR that visually mimics migraine symptoms and uses presence and narrative transportation to increase empathy. A mixed-method study was conducted to untangle the psychological processes of presence, narrative transportation, and empathy by exploring their existence, nature, strength, and meanings. Two treatment conditions were created: a head-mounted display (HMD) as a high immersive condition and a handheld display as a low immersive condition with a focus on media immersiveness as the degree to which AR submerges its users’ perceptual system. The study participants were a small (n=27), but motivated group of medical student learners. In the quantitative results, AR was not visually immersive enough to evoke presence as a perceptual illusion of non-mediation directly since there were systematic effects of media immersiveness of AR on presence, but there were no significant effects of media immersiveness on presence when controlling for medical students’ tendencies and abilities. It was assumed that presence occurred as a constructive perceptual process indirectly mediated through medical students’ tendencies and abilities. In a canonical correlation and stepwise regression, the maximal correlation among immediate sense of presence and narrative transportation and situational empathy revealed an optimal degree of perceptual involvement that leads to sympathy as a positive state of situational empathy. Another canonical correlation and stepwise regression among the traits of immersive tendency and physician empathy and situational empathy showed that there is also an optimal degree of medical students’ sensitivity trait that leads to sympathy as a relatively stable situational empathy. Since, as interview results showed, medical students’ motives were prosocial, it is possible to interpret distress or sadness as another type of situational empathy entailing caring about others. In the qualitative results, there were close relationships between media environment and presence. An immersive virtual environment (IVE) via AR, which affords users the perceptual or embodied feeling of physically being surrounded by its represented environment, was closely related to sensorimotor perceptual processing of presence. A continuous immersive mixed environment (IME) via AR, which affords users the imaginatively situated feeling by mixed reality, extended presence in the actual environment through the process of narrative transportation and affect. The contributions of the findings to the theory and research literature regarding presence are discussed along with recommendations regarding practical contributions to ongoing efforts to enhance healthcare professionals’ empathy and thereby effectiveness in treating patients with migraines and other conditions and illnesses.