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    The colonization of land by animals: Molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods

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    Name:
    The colonization of land by ...
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    Genre
    Journal Article
    Date
    2004-01-19
    Author
    Pisani, D
    Poling, LL
    Lyons-Weiler, M
    Hedges, SB
    Subject
    Animals
    Arthropods
    Biological Clocks
    Cell Nucleus
    DNA, Mitochondrial
    Ecosystem
    Evolution, Molecular
    Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
    Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
    Phylogeny
    Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12613/5661
    
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    DOI
    10.1186/1741-7007-2-1
    Abstract
    Background: The earliest fossil evidence of terrestrial animal activity is from the Ordovician, ∼450 million years ago (Ma). However, there are earlier animal fossils, and most molecular clocks suggest a deep origin of animal phyla in the Precambrian, leaving open the possibility that animals colonized land much earlier than the Ordovician. To further investigate the time of colonization of land by animals, we sequenced two nuclear genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and enolase, in representative arthropods and conducted phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses of those and other available DNA and protein sequence data. To assess the robustness of animal molecular clocks, we estimated the deuterostome-arthropod divergence using the arthropod fossil record for calibration and tunicate instead of vertebrate sequences to represent Deuterostomia. Nine nuclear and 15 mitochondrial genes were used in phylogenetic analyses and 61 genes were used in molecular clock analyses. Results: Significant support was found for the unconventional pairing of myriapods (millipedes and centipedes) with chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, etc.) using nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Our estimated time for the divergence of millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda) was 442 ± 50 Ma, and the divergence of insects and crustaceans was estimated as 666 ± 58 Ma. Our results also agree with previous studies suggesting a deep divergence (∼1100 - 900 Ma) for arthropods and deuterostomes, considerably predating the Cambrian Explosion seen in the animal fossil record. Conclusions: The consistent support for a close relationship between myriapods and chelicerates, using mitochondrial and nuclear genes and different methods of analysis, suggests that this unexpected result is not an artefact of analysis. We propose the name Myriochelata for this group of animals, which includes many that immobilize prey with venom. Our molecular clock analyses using arthropod fossil calibrations support earlier studies using vertebrate calibrations in finding that deuterostomes and arthropods diverged hundreds of millions of years before the Cambrian explosion. However, our molecular time estimate for the divergence of millipedes and centipedes is close to the divergence time inferred from fossils. This suggests that arthropods may have adapted to the terrestrial environment relatively late in their evolutionary history. © 2004 Pisani et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
    Citation to related work
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Has part
    BMC Biology
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    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    http://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/5643
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