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dc.creatorPacheco, MA
dc.creatorCranfield, M
dc.creatorCameron, K
dc.creatorEscalante, AA
dc.date.accessioned2021-01-31T18:34:49Z
dc.date.available2021-01-31T18:34:49Z
dc.date.issued2013-09-19
dc.identifier.issn1475-2875
dc.identifier.issn1475-2875
dc.identifier.doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/5351
dc.identifier.other24044371 (pubmed)
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12613/5369
dc.description.abstractBackground: Plasmodium falciparum shares its most recent common ancestor with parasites found in African apes; these species constitute the so-called Laverania clade. In this investigation, the evolutionary history of Plasmodium lineages found in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was explored. Methods. Here, the remainders of 74 blood samples collected as part of the chimpanzees' routine health examinations were studied. For all positive samples with parasite lineages belonging to the Laverania clade, the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr-ts), the chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), the circumsporozoite protein (csp), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2), and the DBL-1 domain from var2CSA were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Other Plasmodium species were included in the mtDNA, dhfr-ts, and csp analyses. Phylogenetic and evolutionary genetic analyses were performed, including molecular clock analyses on the mtDNA. Results/Conclusions. Nine chimpanzees were malaria positive (12.2%); four of those infections were identified as P. falciparum, two as a Plasmodium reichenowi-like parasite or Plasmodium sp., one as Plasmodium gaboni, and two as Plasmodium malariae. All P. falciparum isolates were resistant to chloroquine indicating that the chimpanzees acquired such infections from humans in recent times. Such findings, however, are not sufficient for implicating chimpanzees as an animal reservoir for P. falciparum. Timing estimates support that the Laverania clade has co-existed with hominids for a long-period of time. The proposed species P. gaboni, Plasmodium billbrayi, and Plasmodium billcollinsi are monophyletic groups supporting that they are indeed different species. An expanded CSP phylogeny is presented, including all the Laverania species and other malarial parasites. Contrasting with other Plasmodium, the Laverania csp exhibits great conservation at the central tandem repeat region. Msp2 and var2CSA, however, show extended recent polymorphism in P. falciparum that likely originated after the P. reichenowi-P. falciparum split. The accumulation of such diversity may indicate adaptation to the human host. These examples support the notion that comparative approaches among P. falciparum and its related species will be of great value in understanding the evolution of proteins that are important in parasite invasion of the human red blood cell, as well as those involved in malaria pathogenesis. © 2013 Pacheco et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
dc.format.extent328-328
dc.language.isoen
dc.relation.haspartMalaria Journal
dc.relation.isreferencedbySpringer Science and Business Media LLC
dc.rightsCC BY
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
dc.subjectAntigen
dc.subjectChimpanzee
dc.subjectCo-evolution
dc.subjectCircumsporozoite protein
dc.subjectDihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase
dc.subjectMalaria
dc.subjectMerozoite surface protein 2
dc.subjectMitochondrion genome
dc.subjectPan troglodytes
dc.subjectParasite evolution
dc.subjectPlasmodium phylogeny
dc.subjectPlasmodium
dc.subjectPlasmodium falciparum
dc.subjectVar2CSA
dc.titleMalarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: The value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum antigens
dc.typeArticle
dc.type.genreJournal Article
dc.relation.doi10.1186/1475-2875-12-328
dc.ada.noteFor Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accommodation, including help with reading this content, please contact scholarshare@temple.edu
dc.date.updated2021-01-31T18:34:45Z
refterms.dateFOA2021-01-31T18:34:50Z


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