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    Population Differentiation and Species Formation in the Deep Sea: The Potential Role of Environmental Gradients and Depth

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    Genre
    Journal Article
    Date
    2013-10-01
    Author
    Jennings, RM
    Etter, RJ
    Ficarra, L
    Subject
    Animals
    Atlantic Ocean
    Bayes Theorem
    Bivalvia
    Cell Nucleus
    DNA, Mitochondrial
    Ecosystem
    Gene Flow
    Genetic Speciation
    Genetic Variation
    Multilocus Sequence Typing
    Phylogeny
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    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12613/5363
    
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    DOI
    10.1371/journal.pone.0077594
    Abstract
    Ecological speciation probably plays a more prominent role in diversification than previously thought, particularly in marine ecosystems where dispersal potential is great and where few obvious barriers to gene flow exist. This may be especially true in the deep sea where allopatric speciation seems insufficient to account for the rich and largely endemic fauna. Ecologically driven population differentiation and speciation are likely to be most prevalent along environmental gradients, such as those attending changes in depth. We quantified patterns of genetic variation along a depth gradient (1600-3800m) in the western North Atlantic for a protobranch bivalve (Nucula atacellana) to test for population divergence. Multilocus analyses indicated a sharp discontinuity across a narrow depth range, with extremely low gene flow inferred between shallow and deep populations for thousands of generations. Phylogeographical discordance occurred between nuclear and mitochondrial loci as might be expected during the early stages of species formation. Because the geographic distance between divergent populations is small and no obvious dispersal barriers exist in this region, we suggest the divergence might reflect ecologically driven selection mediated by environmental correlates of the depth gradient. As inferred for numerous shallow-water species, environmental gradients that parallel changes in depth may play a key role in the genesis and adaptive radiation of the deep-water fauna. © 2013 Jennings et al.
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    Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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    PLoS ONE
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    http://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/5345
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