Acute bladder decentralization in hound dogs: Preliminary results of effects on hypogastric nerve electroneurograms and detrusor pressure responses to spinal root and hypogastric nerve stimulation

Abstract

© 2019 Tiwari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Objective We aimed to refine electroneurogram techniques for monitoring hypogastric nerve activity during bladder filling, and then examined nerve activity in normal intact versus acutely decentralized bladders. Methods Effects of electrical stimulation of hypogastric nerves or lumbar ventral roots on detrusor pressure were examined, as were effects of isoflurane versus propofol anesthetics on hypogastric nerve stimulation evoked pressure. Hypogastric nerve activity was then recorded using custom-made bipolar cuff electrodes during bladder filling before and after its transection between the spinal cord and electrode to eliminate efferent nerve signals. Results Electrical stimulation of hypogastric nerves evoked low amplitude detrusor pressures that did not differ between the two anesthetics. Upper lumbar (L2) ventral root stimulation evoked detrusor pressures were suppressed, yet not eliminated, after transection of hypogastric nerves and all spinal roots below L5. Afferent and efferent hypogastric nerve activity did not change with bladder filling in neuronally intact bladders yet decreased in decentralized bladders. No change in afferent activity was observed during bladder filling in either intact or decentralized bladders. Conclusions These findings indicate that a more complete decentralized bladder model should include transection of lumbosacral spinal roots innervating the bladder as well as hypogastric nerves. These refined electroneurogram recording methods may be suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of nerve transfer surgeries for bladder reinnervation by monitoring sensory activity in the transferred nerve.