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    Leaving the Only Land I Know: A History of Lumbee Migrations to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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    Genre
    Thesis/Dissertation
    Date
    2020
    Author
    Locklear, Jessica Renae
    Advisor
    Lowe, Hilary Iris
    Committee member
    Bruggeman, Seth C., 1975-
    Minner, Ashley
    Department
    History
    Subject
    American History
    Native American Studies
    Lumbee
    Migration
    Native American
    North Carolina
    Philadelphia
    Robeson County
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12613/3203
    
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    DOI
    http://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/3185
    Abstract
    This thesis focuses on the diasporic Lumbee community of Philadelphia that formed following the Second World War and developed throughout the late twentieth century. Faced with economic hardship, thousands of Lumbees migrated out of Robeson County and settled in urban centers including Baltimore, Detroit, and Philadelphia. While segregation barred Indians from industrial jobs in the southeast, Lumbees found employers in Philadelphia less concerned about their ethnic background. In the 1940s and 50s, many Lumbees were apprehensive about leaving their ancestors’ original places in North Carolina, fearing that they would lose the ties that bound them to their sense of self. Lumbees from North Carolina continued to migrate to Philadelphia in the 1960s and 70s, many settled and raised their children in the city. Using archival records and original oral history interviews, I argue that Lumbees were able to retain and reaffirm a distinct Indian identity through traditional kinship practices, transcending geographical bounds, and despite new challenges of urban life in 20th century Philadelphia. The retention of this identity is seen through the establishment of a Lumbee church, Lumbee involvement in Philadelphia’s urban Indian center, and participation in homecoming traditions. Lumbees were able to carve out a space in Philadelphia where they found belonging with one another, while making a deep and enduring impact on the city.
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