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    Characterizing the Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Deep-sea Corals of the Gulf of Mexico

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    Genre
    Thesis/Dissertation
    Date
    2016
    Author
    DeLeo, Danielle Marie
    Advisor
    Cordes, Erik E.
    Committee member
    Sanders, Robert W.
    Kulathinal, Rob J.
    Herrera, Santiago
    Department
    Biology
    Subject
    Biology
    Biology, Molecular
    Ecology
    Corals
    Deepwater Horizon
    Dispersant
    Oil Spill
    Toxicity
    Transcriptomics
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12613/2766
    
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    DOI
    http://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/2748
    Abstract
    Cold-water corals are an important component of deep-sea ecosystems as they establish structurally complex habitats that support benthic biodiversity. These communities face imminent threats from increasing anthropogenic influences in the deep sea. Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout, several spill-impacted coral communities were discovered in the deep Gulf of Mexico, and subsequent mesophotic regions, although the exact source and extent of this impact is still under investigation, as is the recovery potential of these organisms. At a minimum, impacted octocorals were exposed to flocculant material containing oil and dispersant components, and were visibly stressed. Here the impacts of oil and dispersant exposure are assessed for the octocoral genus Paramuricea. A de novo reference assembly was created to perform gene expression analyses from high-throughput sequencing data. Robust assessments of these data for P. biscaya colonies revealed the underlying expression-level effects resulting from in situ floc exposure. Short-term toxicity studies, exposing the cold-water octocorals Paramuricea type B3 and Callogorgia delta to various fractions and concentrations of oil, dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures, were also conducted to determine overall toxicity and tease apart the various components of the synergistic exposure effects. Finally, alterations in Paramuricea B3 gene expression profiles were inspected to characterize genome-wide changes induced by each treatment and putative genes under differential regulation. The experimental results provide evidence for a relatively high toxicity of chemical dispersants as compared to oil additions alone, elucidating the implications of applying oil dispersants to future oil spills. My findings revealed signatures of cellular stress in floc-exposed corals associated with xenobiotic metabolism, immune and inflammatory responses as well as transcriptional suppression of vital cellular components like ribosomal proteins. The data also suggests poor recovery potential in our coral samples exposed to floc. In addition, promising biomarker candidates were identified from the differential expression data for use in future spill-impact monitoring.
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