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Interfacial Mechanics of Composite-coated Surgical Needle in Tissues
Patel, Kavi
Patel, Kavi
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Thesis/Dissertation
Date
2023-12
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Mechanical Engineering
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http://dx.doi.org/10.34944/dspace/9473
Abstract
This dissertation presents a study on enhancing surgical needles using a novel composite coating and investigates its impact on needle insertion mechanics. The aim is to create a less invasive needle insertion for a range of surgeries, including biopsy, thermal ablation, brachytherapy, and drug delivery. The composite coating, composed of Polydopamine (PDA), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and Activated Carbon (C), overcomes the limitations of conventional needles by providing low friction and non-adhesive properties. As a result, it requires less insertion force and causes less tissue damage during needle insertion. In this research, the composite coating applied to a solid 18-gauge biopsy needle, equipped with a trocar tip, led to a notable reduction in insertion force, ranging from 30% to 49%. Furthermore, it exhibited an average improvement of 39% in minimizing tissue damage in bovine kidney tissues. This improved performance was observed with the composite coated needle as opposed to the bare one, attributable to a 56.9% reduction in the surface roughness RMS due to the coating.In order to further investigate the mechanics behind the improved performance of the coated needle, an analytical insertion force model was developed, taking into account Coulomb friction and viscoelastic forces, as well as cutting force. The Coulomb friction and viscoelastic forces were modeled by adapting the Karnopp model, and the cutting force model was formulated based on the premise of cutting forces being linear with insertion velocity. The insertion force model was evaluated using experiments performed on bovine kidney tissue. Based on the model prediction, it was determined that the composite coating 
performed better due to a reduction in Coulomb friction force. Compared to the experimental data, the accuracy range of the model was determined to be between 6.5% and 17.1% for bovine kidney. A limitation of the model is that it does not replicate forces for each individual layer of tissue, but instead provides an average force estimation for heterogeneous tissue. The model was constructed based on the assumption of needle insertion occurring without any needle deflection.
This dissertation provides critical insights into the field of surgical needles, demonstrating the considerable advantages of a novel composite coating. This innovation significantly lowers the insertion force and reduces tissue damage, opening the door to less invasive techniques for a myriad of surgical procedures. Despite the analytical model limitation, it is useful in surgeries preplanning, simulation, and robotic surgeries. Furthermore, the model has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for medical professionals, as it can furnish information on the location of the needle within the body from the predicted forces, in addition to the detection of variations in tissue stiffness. This information can assist in the accurate performance of medical procedures, leading to improved medical surgeries.
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