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Predictors of Post-Stroke Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Chaudhary, Durgesh Friedenberg, Isabel Sharma, Vishakha Sharma, Pragyan Abedi, Vida Zand, Ramin Li, Jiang
Chaudhary, Durgesh
Friedenberg, Isabel
Sharma, Vishakha
Sharma, Pragyan
Abedi, Vida
Zand, Ramin
Li, Jiang
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2022-07-27
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080993
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide and the leading cause of disability [1]. As of 2019, in the United States, the American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that about 7 million people had a stroke [2,3], with an annual rate of about 800,000 [3]. A stroke may increase the risk of a variety of psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorder, psychosis, and obsessive-compulsive disorder [4,5,6,7,8]. Depression after a stroke is a severe complication, with a reported incidence ranging from 20% to 43% at different follow-up periods [9,10,11,12,13]. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is continuously underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite its high prevalence [14]. Furthermore, the etiology of PSD is still poorly understood [15]. Most pioneer studies on PSD followed up patients for six to twelve months 10,16,17,18,19] and a few studies followed up patients for more than two years after an initial stroke [9,20,21,22]. From the results of these short-term follow-up studies, the presence of PSD appears to be time-dependent, with a higher incidence rate immediately following the event [9,16,19]. However, an increase in the incidence of PSD was seen between two months and one year in one study rather than a decrease over time [10]. These discrepancies warrant further research using large and comprehensive datasets. Furthermore, the demographic and clinical risk factors contributing to PSD have not reached a consensus. Several studies found PSD to be more prevalent in women [16,20,23]. However, one study contradicted this finding [24]. Some studies emphasized more specific risk factors associated with PSD; for nstance, patients experiencing stroke recurrence have an increased rate of PSD [16]. Patients with PSD may also experience a higher rate of mortality [21]. Therefore, further examination of gender, age, and comorbidities may lend more insight into preventative care and personalized management for patients at-risk of PSD. The aims of this retrospective cohort study were to (1) determine the incidence of depression in ischemic stroke patients up to one year post-stroke and (2) identify the associated risk factors.
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Chaudhary, D.; Friedenberg, I.; Sharma, V.; Sharma, P.; Abedi, V.; Zand, R.; Li, J. Predictors of Post-Stroke Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12080993
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Brain Sciences, Vol. 12, Iss. 8
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